Walden Pond

 By Richard B. Primack

Recent fluctuations in the water level of Walden Pond have renewed discussions of what causes these 6-10 year cycles of filling and draining of the pond.

“Whether regularly or not, and within what period, nobody knows, though, as usual, many pretend to know,” Thoreau wrote of the phenomenon in Walden.

 

Photo 1: A few years ago, the water level was extremely low. Last spring, it was very high. Photo by RBP.

 

Walden Pond State Park officials, and many other people with interests in the pond, are also struggling with how to balance protecting the health of the pond and its surrounding park, and providing a quality experience for park visitors. This is becoming increasingly challenging due to increasing numbers of visitors, lower water quality, and more frequent bacterial outbreaks leading to beach closures. 

 

Photo 2: High densities of swimmers at Walden Pond. From Yankee Magazine.

 

In response, the state is planning to add a new bathhouse next to the beach, which will hopefully reduce the level of pollution in the water. In addition, thousands of new trees and shrubs will be planted to reduce erosion and runoff.  

 

Photo 3: The new bathhouse being planned. From the Concord Bridge.

 

If this effort is not sufficiently effective, restrictions on the number of park visitors and swimmers will have to be considered. 

 

These topics are discussed in two recent articles in the Concord Bridge:

 

https://concordbridge.org/index.php/2024/12/10/new-bathhouse-seen-as-key-step-in-curbing-damage-to-walden-pond/

 

https://concordbridge.org/index.php/2024/12/10/on-walden-pond-exhilaration-solitude-and-communing-with-nature/

Visit to Wroclaw, Poland

 By Richard B. Primack

 

“The way you spend Christmas is far more important than how much.” Henry David Thoreau

 

 

During the last week of November, I visit Wroclaw, Poland for a conference titled “Building Bridges.” During the conference, I was inducted into the Academia Europaea, the European academic society that put on the conference.

 

Figure 1: “Building Bridges.”

 

 My fellow ecology colleagues and I went to the meeting together.

 

Figure 2: My colleagues Alessandro Chiarucci, Andras Baldi, and Carlo Rondinini.

 

I presented a talk on publishing in international journals to grad students at the University of Wroclaw.

Figure 3: Sylwia Wierzcholska and students at the University of Wroclaw.

 

Wroclaw is famous for having hundreds of statues of dwarves around the city, demonstrating the independent spirit of the people and their willingness to stand up to the government. 

Figure 4: This dwarf is on the edge of the Love Bridge, telling couples not to put locks on the bridge.

 

Mistletoes are surprisingly abundant on trees around the city.

Figure 5: A tree we saw with lots of mistletoes.

 

 

The Dial: A New Transcendental Magazine

 By Richard B. Primack

 

“Any man more right than his neighbors constitutes a majority of one already.” Henry David Thoreau in Civil Disobedience.

 

 

From 1840 to 1844, the early Transcendentalists of Massachusetts published their new ideas in a magazine called The Dial. The Ralph Waldo Emerson Society has launched a new version of the magazine focused on connecting Transcendentalism to history and modern topics, including articles focused on interdisciplinary themes.

 

Image 1: Cover of the first issue.

 

The first issue of this magazine contains five articles focusing on Transcendentalism and climate change, followed by three essays on social justice, particularly as it relates to social memory.

 

Here is a link to the first issue: LINK

 

Fire Risk in Newton

By Richard B. Primack

 

“The earth was uncommonly dry, and our fire, kindled far from the woods in a sunny recess…, suddenly caught the dry grass of the previous year… We sprang to extinguish it with our hands and feet…, but in a few minutes it was beyond our reach…It burned over 100 acres or more and destroyed much young wood.” Henry David Thoreau in his Journal.

 

 

Three months with little or no rain, combined with the fall of autumn leaves, have created dangerous conditions that make wildfires possible in Newton and throughout eastern Massachusetts. 

 

In most years, rain would wet the leaves making them less prone to catch fire. But this year, a carpet of fluffy dry leaves covers the forest floor. The risk of an uncontrolled fire is further increased by the windy weather this week. This lack of rain, and the fires that can result, is an example of the negative impact climate change is having.

 

Photo 1: Carpets of dry leaves on the forest floor.

 

Across the region, fire departments are contending with wildfires in brushy areas, often started accidentally by human activity but now prone to take hold and spread because of the unusual conditions. In an attempt to address this, local governments are restricting outside burning. 

 

Photo 2: Leaves and brush near houses increase the risk of fires spreading to the house.

 

A few weeks ago, brush fires on the North Shore of Boston blanketed the metropolitan area with smoke, creating hazardous air quality.

 

The area will remain at high risk for fires until there is a soaking rain to wet down the fallen leaves.

 

Here is a link to a recent article in the Newton Beacon: LINK

Webster Woods Surprises

 By Richard B. Primack

“It is a surprising and memorable, as well as valuable experience, to be lost in the woods any time……Not till we are lost, in other words, not till we have lost the world, do we begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations.” Henry David Thoreau in Walden.

November in the Webster Woods offers surprises!

On a warm November day, under a rock we were able to find a salamander, which the children were delighted to hold.

Photo 1. Children are excited to hold a salamander.

 

Several years ago, an unknown artist installed a heavy sculpture piece along the Vale Stream. This past week, it was moved over one hundred yards to the top of a nearby ridge. But why?

Photo 2A. A sculpture piece in the middle of the woods transported by an unknown artist.

 

Photo 2B. From a distance, you can hardly see it. 

 

As part of the Newton Conservators fall schedule, I showed people the mysteries of Bare Pond, a vernal pond in the Webster Woods. To my surprise, around 35 people showed up for the talk, one of the largest audiences I have ever had for a walk. 

Photo 3A. The group visiting Bare Pond.

 

Photo 3B. Elliot Frank and I demonstrating for the group how Bare Pond is like a shallow saucer that spills over when it is full.

 

Because of the dry weather over the past few months, the fallen leaves on the ground are exceptionally crunchy and light. 

 

Video 1:  Crunchy leaves swirling under foot.

 

Flower Visitors in Newton

 By Richard B. Primack

 

The hoary mountain mint had “prettily purple-spotted flowers . . . swarming with great wasps of different kinds, and bees.” Henry David Thoreau in his Journal.

 

Many local governments are considering regulations to restrict honey bee (Apis mellifera) hives due to concerns that they are outcompeting native flower visitors. To gather information on this topic, and help determine if these concerns are well founded, we observed insect visitation to 391 native and non-native plant species in Newton, Massachusetts (USA), a Boston suburb.

 

We found that:

 

1.    Honey bees and native bees, including bumblebees and solitary bees, visit a wide variety of cultivated, native, adventive, and pollinator garden plants. 

 

Photo 1. Honey bee covered with pollen. 

  

 

2.    Cultivated plants receive more overall visits than wild plant species, but the most visited plants are often wild plant species with mixed visitation by honey bees and native pollinators. 

 

 

Photo 2. Hunting wasp visiting boneset flowers.

 

 

3.    Many plant species, particularly cultivated plants, receive few or no flower visitors.

 

Photo 3.  A huge cherry tree in flower with almost no flower visitors. 

 

These findings suggest that, at least at this suburban location, floral resources are sufficient to allow coexistence between honey bees, bumblebees, other native bees, and other insects. Habitat protection and reduction in herbicide and pesticide use might be a more effective strategy for protecting native flower visiting insects. 

 

These results were published in Biological Conservation: LINK

 

Insects in Action

 By Richard B. Primack

 

“It is not enough to be industrious; so are the ants. What are you industrious about?” Henry David Thoreau in a letter to a friend.

 

Our summer of pollination work at the Arnold Arboretum yielded many wonderful observations of insects in action visiting flowers. Here are a few:

Video 1. Great black wasp on clematis flowers.

 

Video 2. Wasp on goldenrod.

 

Video 3. Small bees on lily anthers.

 

Video 4. Green bee visiting a sunflower.

 

Video 5. Fly on boneset flowers.