Visiting Scholar in Copenhagen Part 2: Impressions of Life

 By Richard B. Primack

 

“Only that traveling is good which reveals to me the value of home and enables me to enjoy it better.” Henry David Thoreau in his Journal.

 

During my time as Visiting Scholar at the University of Copenhagen, there were some particular features of life that struck me as noteworthy.

 

Photo 1: Around 60% of Copenhagen residents use bicycles as their main means of transportation.

 

Photo 2: Bikes specially designed to carry children are a common sight. 

 

Photo 3: Street life in Copenhagen is especially vibrant, with lots of people in the street and at cafes, especially when it is sunny. 

 

Photo 4: Potted trees and other plants are left out throughout the year to beautify city sidewalks.

  

Photo 5: While working at the museum, I discovered that every day a variety of fruits are provided for free for people who work there. 

 

Photo 6: Danes have a special love for open-faced sandwiches, which almost reaches the level of a national pride. They are best eaten with a fork and knife.

   

Photo 7: The public water of Copenhagen is very hard due to an abundance of dissolved calcium. The water even turns a milky color after it has been boiled, though it’s still considered safe to drink. 

   

 

 

Visiting Scholar in Copenhagen

 By Richard B. Primack

“Only that traveling is good which reveals to me the value of home and enables me to enjoy it better.”Henry David Thoreau in his Journal.

 

In March, I was a Visiting Scholar at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark.

 

Photo 1: On a sunny day in front of the Victorian-style greenhouse at the University of Copenhagen's botanical garden.

 

Photo 2: The grounds are still mostly dormant in early March.

 

Photo 3: The garden has extensive rock gardens for displaying alpine plants.

Jasmin was a visiting student at BU two years ago, and she showed us around Copenhagen. 

 

Photo 4: Nearby is the Rosenberg Castle, a former royal residence. Behind Jasmin is hedge made from tightly packed and heavily clipped hornbeams.

 

Photo 5: Crocus flowers are abundant in early spring. Note the heavily pruned trees in the background, a technique known as pollarding.

Photo 6: A closer view of pollarded trees.

  

 

Storm Cloud

 By Richard B. Primack

 

“Not till we are lost, in other words, not till we have lost the world, do we begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations.”  Henry David Thoreau in Walden.

 

 

A recent exhibit at the Huntington, in San Marino, CA, entitled Storm Cloud: Picturing the Origins of Our Climate Crisis, traces the rise of environmental awareness in Britain and America over the course of the nineteenth century through the period's art and literature. 

 

A book accompanies the exhibit, with essays by environmental writers, highlighting examples of art and literature from the Huntington’s collections. 

 

Photo 1: Storm Cloud cover.

 

Photo 2: Frontispiece.

Photo 3: A page from the Table of Contents.

 

Photo 4: My contribution to the book, on page 1.

 

Photo 5: Page 2 of the book.

LINK to the exhibit website. 

 

Local soil temperature advances flowering times of Canada mayflower

 By Richard B. Primack

 

“One attraction in coming to the woods to live was that I should have leisure and opportunity to see the spring come in.” Henry David Thoreau in Walden.

 

In a recent article in the journal Oecologia, we report that local soil temperature has the potential to affect the timing of spring flowering, which is a key indicator of the biological effects of climate change. 

 

Over four years (from 2019 to 2022), we investigated the effects of local soil temperature on spring flowering times for 35 local populations of Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense) growing within a few hundred yards of each other in the Webster Woods in Newton, Massachusetts (USA). 

 

Photo 1: Plants reaching a high density on the forest floor in the Webster Woods.

Some populations were on sunny south facing slopes and others were growing in deep shape on north facing slopes under evergreen hemlock trees. Plants in each population were individually marked.

 

Photo 2: Flowering plants were individually marked to follow flowering.

At these 35 field sites, flowering dates varied by 5–7 days among sites. That is, the plants at some sites consistently flowered about one week before the plants at other sites. 

 

Soil temperatures varied by about 9 °F across sites before and during the flowering season. This temperature difference between sites is about the same as the average temperature difference in May between Boston, Massachusetts and Charleston, South Carolina.

 

Photo 3: Soil thermometers were used to measure temperature.

Among the populations, plants flowered earliest at sites with the warmest local climates—around one-half day earlier for each 1 °F warmer temperature. 

 

This study demonstrates that the effects of local temperature on the timing of flowering can be investigated over relatively short periods of time, and that this approach can be combined with climate change studies at larger scales. 

 

Here is a link to the article: LINK 

Houghton Garden: A Landscape Treasure

 By Richard B. Primack

 

“Gardening is civil and social, but it wants the vigor and freedom of the forest and the outlaw.” Henry David Thoreau in A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers

 

The Houghton Garden is an easily overlooked landscape treasure in the middle of Chestnut Hill. The garden was once recognized as one of the most outstanding private gardens in the country. While most of the flower displays are long-gone, the network of trails, groupings of evergreen plants, streams, and pond still create a magical environment in every season and one that is unlike anywhere else publicly accessible in Newton. 

 

In a recent article in the Newton Conservators Newsletter, Michele Hanss and I described the features of the garden, and its design, development, and subsequent decline. We also reported on the acquisition of the property as conservation land by the City of Newton and current management issues. 

 

While the garden is particularly beautiful in spring when the shrubs are flowering, it is also wonderful in the winter when rhododendrons and other evergreens stand out against the snow.

 

Photo 1: Rhododendrons covered with snow along a path.

 

Photo 2: The outline of Houghton Pond is readily apparent in winter, when it is covered with ice and snow and framed with evergreen shrubs. A tall, bald cypress with spreading branches, reminiscent of southern forests, can be seen growing on the opposite side of the pond.

 

Photo 3: At the base of the bald cypress are curious above-ground root structures called "cypress knees."

   

Photo 4: One of the garden's special plants is a large umbrella pine growing near the pond.

 

Photo 5: A close-up of the distinctive leaves and branches of the umbrella pine.

Here is a link to the article: LINK

Winter “Snow Wings” and Owls

By Richard B. Primack 

 

“Take long walks in stormy weather or through deep snows in the fields and woods, if you would keep your spirits up.” Henry David Thoreau in “A Winter Walk”

 

A January snowstorm with almost no wind allowed the snow to create wonderful scenes in the Webster Woods. The branches of trees and shrubs looked like a cotton-covered lattice work. 

 

Photo 1: Wintry scene at Bare Pond.

The snow-covered twigs of red maple trees appeared to be “snow wings.”

 

Photo 2: "Snow wings" at Bare Pond.

A great horned owl took up residence at the western edge of the woods near Elgin Street, hooting in the late afternoon and evening from its perch in a large pine tree. At times it could be seen perching on an exposed branch halfway up the tree. It was even visible on a series of photos taken with an iPhone from 150 yards away. 

 

Photo 3: The pine tree from 150 yards away. Can you see the owl?

 

Photo 4: The owl among branches of the pine tree.

 

Photo 5: A blurry photo of the owl.

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Brookline Faces Climate Change

 By Richard B. Primack and Pamela H. Templer

 

“The life in us is like the water in the river. It may rise this year higher than man has ever known it, and flood the parched uplands.” Henry David Thoreau in Walden.

 

As we discuss in a recent article in the Brookline Greenspace Alliance Winter newsletter, climate change is already affecting Brookline and these effects will become even more severe in coming decades.

 

The increasing frequency and length of heat waves means that air conditioners have become more of a necessity rather than a luxury, especially for vulnerable populations like the elderly and people facing health challenges. Outdoor sports, gardening, and other work activities are sometimes cancelled or rescheduled to avoid extreme heat. 

 

 

Figure 1: Hot spots in Brookline are concentrated north of the Green Line D Branch, and are found mainly in areas near Harvard and Beacon Streets.

With earlier Springs and later Autumns, people can enjoy more time gardening and cultivating a wider variety of plants. However, longer growing seasons can also increase the prevalence of plant and animal pests, invasive species and diseases, putting native species at risk. 

 

Less snow during milder winters does mean less work shoveling snow, however, less snow makes it harder to sustain winter sports like outdoor ice skating and skiing, and means a smaller snow pack which is an important source of water.

 

More rain is now falling in stronger downpours, increasing the risk of basement flooding and streets becoming impassable rivers, especially near the Muddy River and Chestnut Hill. Below-ground stations of the train systems could fill with water, putting the T out of action. 

 

As sea levels continue to rise, and hurricanes intensify, the Boston area becomes more vulnerable to coastal flooding. If Boston gets hit by a hurricane during high tide, seawater could flood much of the Back Bay area and along the Muddy River to Brookline Village.

 

 

Figure 2: Flood zones, historic wetlands, and historic brooks in Brookline. Note that the entire northeast of Brookline in the vicinity of the Muddy River is susceptible to flooding.

Climate change will also result in more droughts, increasing the risk of ground fires in brushy areas. Fires in surrounding communities can create clouds of smoke and hazardous air quality in Brookline.

 

To address all of these problems, we need to reduce our emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, make sure that infrastructure is designed and maintained to deal with the changing conditions, and plant more trees to cool local temperatures. We should also continue to talk about climate change and the need to both slow it down and adapt. 

 

Here is a link to the article: LINK